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ebay link
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Wg4UXt8sHM
During the 19th century, scientist-writers such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, Nicholas Ogden Rood and David Sutter wrote treatises on color, optical effects and perception. They were able to translate the scientific research of Helmholtz and Newton into a written form that was understandable by non-scientists. Chevreul was perhaps the most important influence on artists at the time; his great contribution was producing the color wheel of primary and intermediary hues.
here is some wikipedia info as well.--
Chevreul was a French chemist who restored old tapestries. During his restorations of tapestries he noticed that the only way to restore a section properly was to take into account the influence of the colors around the missing wool; he could not produce the right hue unless he recognized the surrounding dyes. Chevreul discovered that two colors juxtaposed, slightly overlapping or very close together, would have the effect of another color when seen from a distance. The discovery of this phenomenon became the basis for the Pointillist technique of the Neoimpressionist painters.
Reverse painting on glass became popular in Federal America and was practiced mainly by foreign-born artists in Boston, Salem, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. For example, "Walker and Chandless, Painters, in General, from Dublin and London," advertised "Painting on Glass and Transparent Painting" in the Maryland Gazette in 1790. Such paintings, with subjects ranging from flowers and geometric designs to allegory, mythology, and scenic views, were usually incorporated into mirrors, clocks, and other furniture. Ten reverse-painted glass panels, varied in size and shape, can be seen on a neo-classical sideboard in the collection of the Department of American Decorative Arts (Figure 1) that had been commissioned by General David Van Ness (1743–1818) for his Maizefield estate in Dutchess County, New York. Major elements of the designs used on these panels, including urns, cupids, foliage, lyres, and masks, were derived from plates in Thomas Sheraton's The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing-Book, first published in London in 1791. In an accompanying text Sheraton wrote: "These may be painted, inlaid, or gilt in gold behind glass, and the glass being then beded [sic] in the pilaster, it is secure, and has a good effect."
At the end of the eighteenth century, domestic glass manufactories in several major commercial centers were competing with imported crown and cylinder glass from England, and as such the origin of the panes used on the Van Ness sideboard cannot be assumed. Samples from two panels were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and both were found to be potash-lime glass with a ratio of potassium to calcium of approximately two to one, containing only relatively small amounts of sodium, magnesium, and aluminum. These results may point to a domestic source, as glass with very similar composition is known to have been made by at least one eighteenth-century American producer, the New Bremen Glassmanufactory in Maryland.
Well-executed reverse-glass paintings do not reveal the complexity of their manufacture. Since the designs are applied to the back of glass panes they must be built up in reverse—starting with the foreground and working "backwards"—which makes corrections virtually impossible. The technique used for the glass panels on the Van Ness sideboard is called metal-foil engraving, although in technical and art historical literature it is often referred to as verre églomisé. Gold leaf was applied to the back of the glass with a size such as clarified egg white, gelatin, or gum, and then engraved with a stylus of metal, wood, or bone. The design was completed by applying a colored background with paint (Figure 2).
John Winston Lennon was born on October 9, 1940, in the Liverpool Maternity Hospital, Oxford Street, Liverpool, to Julia Lennon (née Stanley) and Alfred "Freddie" Lennon, during the course of a German air raid in World War II.[1][2][3] He was named after his paternal grandfather, John 'Jack' Lennon, and Winston Churchill.[3]
Freddie was a merchant seaman during World War II, thus was often away from home, but sent regular pay cheques to Julia, who was living with Lennon in 9 Newcastle Road, Liverpool, although the cheques stopped when Freddie went AWOL.[4][5] When Freddie eventually came home in 1944, he offered to look after Julia and Lennon, but Julia rejected him.[6] After considerable pressure from her sister, Mary "Mimi" Smith—who contacted Liverpool's Social Services—Julia handed the care of Lennon over to Mimi.[7] In July 1946, Freddie visited Mimi and took Lennon to Blackpool, secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him.[8] Julia followed them, but after a heated argument Freddie made the five-year-old Lennon choose between Julia or him. Lennon chose Freddie (twice). As Julia walked away, Lennon began to cry and followed her. Freddie then lost contact with the family until Beatlemania, when father and son met again.[9]